Globalization and the Separation of Indigenous Genetic Resources from Indigenous Peoples: The Booming Alpaca Industry in the USA and its Impact on Andean Alpaqueros
M. Cristina Espinosa Ch., Ph.D.
Volume 9, Number 1 (2010) 9 (1): 27-40
Keywords Indigenous Peoples, Genetic Resources, Globalization, Alpacas, Andean Communities, Animal Breeding, Fiber Production, Livestock Sector Policy, International Trade of Genetic Resources, Property Rights Recognition, Embryo Implants, Regional Breeding Centers, Decision-making Processes in Peasant Systems, Politics of Livestock Sector Policy
Abstract
This article examines the alpaca industry in the Andes, focusing on globalization’s effects, advances in breeding and fiber production, and the livelihoods of Indigenous alpaca herders in Peru. It addresses how globalization has impacted Indigenous genetic resources, highlighting challenges faced by Andean alpaqueros due to the separation of these resources. The article also explores collaboration between American universities and Peruvian experts to improve alpaca breeding and fiber production, alongside political changes influencing the industry. Additionally, it investigates the decision-making processes of Peruvian alpaca herders, emphasizing livestock sector policies and the need for sustainable development within a globalized context. Overall, it provides a comprehensive view of the political, economic, and cultural factors shaping the alpaca industry and Indigenous livelihoods in the Andes.
M. Cristina Espinosa Ch., Ph.D.
Published June 1, 2010
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Cristina Espinosa Ch., Ph.D. (Author)
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Acosta, Jose de. 2002. Natural and Moral History of the Indies 1540-1600. Jane E. Mangan (Ed.). Durham: Duke University Press.
CONACS/CONCYTECT. 2007. Estudio de Prospectiva de Alpaca 2014.
http://www.sparperu.org/index.php?id=13
COTESU‐INIA. 1989. Proyecto Alpacas. Crianza de llamas y alpacas. Proyecto Alpacas, Convenio COTESU‐INIA, Peru.
Proyecto Andino de Tecnología Campesina, Espinosa, M. Cristina, and Agreda, Victor. "Toma de Decisiones en Pequeños Productores Alpaqueros en Puno."
In: Final Report to IDRC Project: Decision Making Process in Peasant Systems of the Southern Highland of Peru. CE&DAP, Lima, 1991.
Fairfield, Tasha. 2006. "The Politics of Livestock Sector Policy and the Rural Poor in Peru." PPLPI Working Paper No. 32. Rome: F.A.O. Pro‐Poor Livestock Policy Initiative.
Flores Ochoa, Jorge A. 1968. Los pastores de Paratia: Una introducción a su estudio. Mexico: Instituto Indigenista Interamericano.
Flores Ochoa, Jorge (Ed.). 1977. Pastores de Puna. Uywamichiq punarunakuna. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
Flores Ochoa, Jorge A., and Kim MacQuarrie. 1994. "Modern‐Day Herders: An Andean Legacy Continues." In Gold of the Andes: The llamas, alpacas, vicuñas and guanacos of South America, edited by Jorge A. Flores Ochoa, Javier Portus Perez, and Kim MacQuarrie. Barcelona: Panhey, pp. 101-193.
Flores Ochoa, Jorge A., and Yemira D. Najar Vizcarra. 1976. "El Likira, Intermediario Ambulante en la Cordillera de Canchis." Antropología Andina, 1/2 (1976): 125‐135.
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http://www.sparperu.org/index.php?id=13
COTESU‐INIA. 1989. Proyecto Alpacas. Crianza de llamas y alpacas. Proyecto Alpacas, Convenio COTESU‐INIA, Peru.
Proyecto Andino de Tecnología Campesina, Espinosa, M. Cristina, and Agreda, Victor. "Toma de Decisiones en Pequeños Productores Alpaqueros en Puno."
In: Final Report to IDRC Project: Decision Making Process in Peasant Systems of the Southern Highland of Peru. CE&DAP, Lima, 1991.
Fairfield, Tasha. 2006. "The Politics of Livestock Sector Policy and the Rural Poor in Peru." PPLPI Working Paper No. 32. Rome: F.A.O. Pro‐Poor Livestock Policy Initiative.
Flores Ochoa, Jorge A. 1968. Los pastores de Paratia: Una introducción a su estudio. Mexico: Instituto Indigenista Interamericano.
Flores Ochoa, Jorge (Ed.). 1977. Pastores de Puna. Uywamichiq punarunakuna. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
Flores Ochoa, Jorge A., and Kim MacQuarrie. 1994. "Modern‐Day Herders: An Andean Legacy Continues." In Gold of the Andes: The llamas, alpacas, vicuñas and guanacos of South America, edited by Jorge A. Flores Ochoa, Javier Portus Perez, and Kim MacQuarrie. Barcelona: Panhey, pp. 101-193.
Flores Ochoa, Jorge A., and Yemira D. Najar Vizcarra. 1976. "El Likira, Intermediario Ambulante en la Cordillera de Canchis." Antropología Andina, 1/2 (1976): 125‐135.
Gade, Daniel W. 1999. Nature and Culture in the Andes. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
Heal, Geoffrey M. 2002. "Biodiversity and Globalization." In: FEEM Working Paper No. 101.2002; Columbia Business School Working Paper.
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https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285822.003.0007
Tangwa, Godfrey B. "Globalization or Westernization? Ethical Concerns in the Whole Bio-Business." Bioethics, Vol. 13, No. 3/4, July 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8519.00149
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